Direct speech and Indirect Sentences

Direct speech (Direct Speech) is a sentence when reported speech stating the actual words.Sentences are not connected by "that" it should be with (punctuation) commas.

Sentence (indirect speech) are sentences which when reported speech gives the substance of the words used by the speaker and not the actual words. In indirect speech sentences are associated with the word "that".

Tense reporting verb is not changed, but the present tense reported speech should be modified based on the form of a reporting verb.

Direct & Indirect Speech consists of 3 types:

I.     Statement  

II.    Command  

III.   Question

I. STATEMENT 

In Indirect Statement we use that word (that) as a liaison between the introductory sentence (introduce phrases) and the words reported (reported words). Introductory sentences in indirect statement is: 

He said 

He said to me            that reported + words 

He told me 

eg :

- Mary told her friends "I have been to Bali twice." 

- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice. 

- Father said "I am going out of town tomorrow" 

- Father said that he was going out of town the following day.

II . COMMAND

 Command was divided into two (2 ) parts:

1 . positive Command

In order to add to our positive in front of the command line , as a liaison between the introductory sentence and orders were reported . Introductory sentences in these types are

 

to + infinitive
He asked me
He told me

e.g:

- He asked me " Open your book "
- He asked me to open my book .

- Mary told me " Stop talking to Jane "

- Mary told me to stop talking to Jane .
 

- Mother asked John " Pay attention to what I say "

- Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says .


2 . negative Command

In negative commands us not to add the commands are reported .

 e.g:

- Mary told John " Do not wait for me"
- Mary told John not to wait for her .

 - I told him " Do not mention it to anyone "

 - I told him not to mention it to anyone .

III. QUESTION

When the question directly (direct question) use question words such as Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, etc., then these words are used as intermediaries in reported Speech. Questions were reported berubaha be a positive form. Introductory sentence is

 positive Form
 

He asked me      where
                 

                 When etc.

eg:

- The man asked me: "Where do you live?"   

- The man asked me where I lived.

- John asked Mary: "Why do you get angry with me?"  

- John asked Mary why she got angry with him.

When the question was not directly asked to use words, and only the question in the form of "Yes and No Question", then we use the words if, Whether (if, if) as a liaison between the introductory sentences and questions were reported.

 eg:

- The boy asked John: "Does Mary live near here?"
- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.
 

- The teacher asked her: "Have you finished your homework?" 

- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

Example sentence

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple Present He said, “I go to Depok every month.”	Simple Past He said (that) he went to Depok every month.
Simple Past He said,”I went to Depok  every month.”	Past Perfect He said (that) he had gone to Depok every month.
Present Perfect He said, “I have gone to Depok every month.”	Past Perfect He said (that) he had gone to Depok every month.
Present Continuous He said,”I am going to Jakarta every month.”	Past Continuous He said (that) he was going to Jakarta every month.
Past Continuous He said, “I was going to Jakarta every month.”	Perfect Continuous He said (that) he had been going to Jakarta every month.
Future (will) He said,”I will go to Jakarta every month.”	Would + verb He said (that) he would go to Jakarta every month.
Furure (going to) He said, “I am going to Jakarta every month.”	Past Continuous He said (that) he was going to Jakarta every month.

Referensi :

http://yudinda.blogspot.com/2013/03/tugas-direct-and-indirect-speech.html

http://inggrishbahasa.wordpress.com/lesson-english/english-grammar/179-2/

http://triicecsfabregas.blogspot.com/2012/03/direct-and-indirect-speech.html

conversational dialogue

At sunday Lia with Ani and linda want go to home Mesty,before there lia call Mesty
(ring...ring...ring...the phone is ring) 

Mesty : Hallo,assalamualaikum.wr.wb
Lia      : Walaikumsalam.wr.wb
Mesty : Who is this ?
Lia      : This is Lia, How are you ?
Mesty : Fine thanks,and you ?
Lia      : Me to, I'want you home with Ani and Linda, What you have at Home ?
Mesty : Ohh,I'can but can not today
Lia      : Whay not ?
Mesty : Because,I go deliver food for grandmonther being sick.
Lia      : Hmm.. What sick grandmonther ?
Mesty : Fever,has been given the drug,not yet cured
Lia      : Ohh, Get wellson 
Mesty : Yes,So when are you going home ?
Lia      : Hmm.. Tomorrow or next week   
Mesty : Oke, I'wait for you arrival at home
Lia      : Yes, Thank you
Mesty : Your welcome 
Lia      : Byee
Mesty : Byee

management of the company

    A. Purpose Company

The company's goal in general is to satisfy the needs of consumers with specific values.
​The purpose of the company can be classified as follows :

a. The purpose of the Primary Care

The primary purpose is the manufacture of goods /services sold to meet the needs of consumers.
Organizational Objectives are the values ​​that must be contributed by each individual or group residing in the respective sections.Operational Objectives are the values ​​contributed by each stage of the procedure within a unit of work as a whole.

b. Destination Collateral
Personal Collateral purpose are values ​​to be achieved by an individual or group of individuals within the company.The purpose of Social Collateral values ​​are broader economic/general necessary for the welfare
of society and that can be directly generated from the activities of the company.
Objectives are broader Social Collateral for the benefit of society, for example: paying taxes.

c.Secondary Destination
The values ​​required by the company to achieve the primary goal.
But in general,the purpose of the company can be:
a.achieve the maximum benefit.
b maintain viability.
c pursue growth.
d accommodate labor.

The factors of production " 5M " ( Men, Materials, Machines, Methods,Money).
Management is "A typical process,which consists of the activities of planning,organizing,directing, coordinating and controlling performed to determine and achieve goals through the utilization of human resources and other resources."
Management also uses the scientific method that includes the sequence of events as follows :
1 . aware of any problems.
2 . defining issue.
3 . gather facts,data and information.
4 . arrange an alternative solution.
5 . make decisions by choosing one of the alternative settlement.
6 . implement decisions and follow-up.

Conceptions of value in the management include the following beliefs :
• the provision of consumer satisfaction.
• The primary goal should be prioritized first company rather than self-interest owners,managers and employees.
• the importance of the scientific method is used as a basis for problem solving company.
• the need to study the principles of executive leadership.
• good ethical standards is the foundation of business relationships.
• the existence of the right of workers to organize collective agreement.
• the importance of maintaining individual initiative and freedom of action.
• obligations of owners and managers to develop the technology and the company's progress.

  B. Planning

This function is the first step rather than the other management functions.With this plan all the activities will have a working implementation of the guidelines.
Planning to have the forms:
a. target
In a certain period of time the company would have a goal or goals to be achieved.

b. wisdom
This is a general guidance for the company.Policy is a clothing designer,just making or designing stylish clothing with material choices.

c. strategy
The strategy is a broad program to achieve the goals set by the company in carrying out its mission. Strategy will set the direction that occurs from a variety of objectives and guide the use of resources required.

d. procedure
Is a series of actions that will be undertaken to facilitate the implementation of the company's activities.

e. rule
That is part of the procedure and a specific action. Some rules can be grouped menjadu similar procedure.

f. program
Is a combination of policies, procedures, rules and administration tasks are accompanied by a budget or budget.

Planning here can include:
• Determine the type and quantity of products to be made ​​to the right in terms of quality,benefits and quantity in order to achieve maximum benefit.
• Establish the amount of funds required for working capital and fixed capital.
• Determine the number of workers that will be withdrawn and employed in the company.

Factors affecting Strategic Planning :
(a) Improvement of technological change.
(b) The complexity of the managerial tasks.
(c) outside the corporate environment is increasingly complex.
(d) The length of the period between the decision made by its impact in the future.

Step-by- step preparation of Strategic Planning :
• Determining the organization's objectives
• Conducting an understanding of the goals and strategies that have been there
• Perform analysis of resources
• Conduct environmental analysis
• Identify strategic opportunities and threats
• Determine the extent to which existing strategies need to be changed
• Conduct strategic decision
• Implementation of strategic plan
• Evaluation of the implementation of the strategic plan

Barriers to Planning
1. The resistance of the manager
 a.Fear of risk / failure
 b. Lack of knowledge about the organization
 c. Lack of understanding about the environment
 d. Less believe that the organization is able to achieve the target

2 . The resistance of the executor
Management By Objectives ( Management by Objectives )
In the MBO system are the elements :
a. Attachment to the program
b . Determination of the target peak level
c . Individual targets
d . The participation of employees and managers
e . Reviewing the results of the implementation

Goodness MBO
• Provide an opportunity for individuals to customize their personal goals with organizational goals
• Target the organization will be achieved in a timely manner because the manager can make a plan with the      help of MBO
• Can improve communication between managers and employees
• Make reasonable management process by focusing on the running achievement

Weaknesses of MBO
• interpersonal skills required
• Often there is a conflict between creativity and achievement of objectives set
• Target a challenging and often difficult to formulate realistic
• Necessary adaptations and changes that have the support of managers
• Often there are authoritarian and centralized approach in decision-making

C. Organizing

Organizing function can be considered as the process of creating a relationship between a variety of functions, personnel, and physical factors that all work carried out can be beneficial as well as focused on one goal.
Informal relationships concerning human relationships, outside agencies or unofficial. Formal relationship is a form of intentional relationships, officially (official).
There are three (3) basic relationships in a formal relationship:
• Responsibility
• Privileges
• Accountability

organization
Within the organization there are three (3) factors:
1. the existence of a group of people
2. the relationship and division of labor among the people
3. existence of objectives
The purpose of organizing
One of the main objectives of organizing to simplify the task; divide a large activity into the activities of smaller ones.

 D. Direction

The meaning of the briefing itself , measures to see to it that all members of the organization's activities towards the achievement of a specified goal .
Individual properties within the Organization
Several factors need to be considered in the needs of workers :
( 1 ) The habit and emotion is important to explain human behavior and mind are secondary
( 2 ) Man wanted praise for the work carried out when they acquire inappropriate
( 3 ) The workers want to get a supervisor who trusted and can cause their respect
( 4 ) The workers want to take advantage of their abilities and enjoy maximum satisfaction of their work was
( 5 ) the need to avoid any changes that sudden working
Motivation is the process of motive ( drive ) to the employees to be able to work so that organizational goals can be achieved efficiently.

Important factors that affect motivation :
• Personal Needs
• Purpose and perceptions of individuals or groups
• How to realize the needs,goals and perceptions

There are two (2 ) types of motivation :
( 1 ) Positive Motivation
That is the process of influencing others by supporting the addition of a certain level of satisfaction .
( 2 ) Negative Motivation
Is the process of influencing others in a way to scare or encourage someone to do something against their will.
Some Theory of Motivation
a. Classical Motivation Theory ( Frederick W. Taylor )
Classical theory of motivation that , someone will be willing to work with both , if the person believes will gain rewards directly related to the work .

b . Need Motivation Theory ( Abraham H. Maslow )
According to Maslow there are five (5) levels of individual needs :

( 1 ) Physical Needs ( Physiological needs)
Is a basic requirement that must be met and satisfied earliest .

( 2 ) The need for Security / Safety ( Safety / security needs)
The following level needs to give a sense of safety and security for individuals .

( 3 ) The need for the group ( needs Affection / Love needs / Social needs / Belonging needs)
This need is already a human nature , namely that human beings are social creatures . Therefore, each individual takes time to be together , hang out , build friendships , caring / loving .

( 4 ) Need for Self-Esteem / Respect ( Esteem needs / Egoistic needs)
This needs more individual or personal characteristic , wants to be appreciated or respected him in accordance with his position .

( 5 ) The need for Recognition of Self and Personal Development ( Self -actualization needs / Self realization needs / Self- fulfillment needs / self expression needs)
The need for recognition and self-development is the desire of every individual to be recognized that he has the ability ( especially in the works ) , and he must be satisfied if the desire to develop themselves according to their potential fulfilled .

c . Theory X and Theory Y ( Douglas Mc . Gregor )
In conjunction with the motivation to work , according to Douglas Mc.Gregor there are two (2 ) assuming that the Theory X and Theory Y.

• Theory X is based on the assumption that the traditional view that humans ( Human Being ) willing / unwilling to work when something needs to be done for life .
• Theory Y is based on the assumption that human nature likes to work , even with a working man will find satisfaction . Work is a source of satisfaction .
There are two techniques of motivation :
• Indirect Motivation
Form of management effort to create a work environment in general can encourage employees perform optimally.
• Direct Motivation
Here the direct motivation manifested in the form of incentives given for remuneration or the principal applies to all employees .
( a) Material Incentives may include :
• Bonus
• Commission
• Profit Sharing
• Social Security
• Welfare
( b ) Non- Material Incentive
leadership
There are 7 ( seven ) basic Power ( Power )
( 1 ) Power of Legitimacy ( Legitimate Power )
( 2 ) Powers of Expertise ( Expert Power )
( 3 ) Power Resources ( referent power )
( 4 ) Power Awards ( Reward Power )
( 5 ) Power Coercion ( coercive power )
( 6 ) Power Information (Information Power )
( 7 ) Combined Power ( Power Connection )

Theories of Leadership
a. Personality Theories ( Trait Theory )
This theory is often called the theory of " The Great Man " . Keith Davis formulate four (4 ) general properties that have an influence on the success of leadership within the organization :
• Intelligence
• Maturity and extensive social ties
• Self-motivation and boost achievement
• Attitude of human relationships

b . Group theory
c . Situational and Contingency Theory Model
d . Theory of Small Road - Destination ( Path - Goal Theory )

Martin Evans and Robert House include four types or styles of leadership :
( 1 ) Leadership Directives ( Directive Leadership )
( 2 ) Supportive Leadership ( Supportive Leadership )
( 3 ) Participative Leadership ( Leadership participative )
( 4 ) achievement-oriented leadership ( Achievement Oriented Leadership )

Success or failure of a leader in implementing the tasks of leadership , is determined by its expertise in mobilizing others to work well , namely the so-called managerial skills ( Managerial Skills ) rather than technical skills ( Technical Skills ) has.
That a good leader , someone who does not carry out its own activities or actions that are operational , but make decisions , set policy and mobilizing others to implement the decisions taken in accordance with the policies outlined it .
The task of any management task is covering both technical and managerial tasks .
To lead , a manager requires certain qualifications :
a. intelligence
b . Leading capabilities
c . ability to Communicate
d . Logical thinking
e . Know the Culture
f . resilience Morale
g . be Fair
h . initiative

E. coordinating

An organization is structured to achieve a common goal. Therefore various opinions that need to be integrated so harmoniously in a coordinated action that will lead to an organizational goal.
coordination Is a process of integrating the objectives and activities of separate units ( departments/ functional areas) in a company to achieve its intended purpose.
So in the coordination sought harmonization activities in alignment between organizational units or officials.

With the coordination function will be obtained benefits :
( 1 ) occurs efficiencies in all areas due to the coordination between sections
( 2 ) the existence of a working atmosphere that is peaceful due to the balance of duties and rights of every member of the organization
( 3 ) there is a unity of purpose of each individual in the organization
( 4 ) avoid the conflict and the struggle for resources / facilities within the organization
( 5 ) ensure unity of attitudes , actions , policies and practices in employment.

F. Control 

Last of the management functions that must be implemented by managers are control functions. Control is closely related to planning. 
The steps in the process control: 
(1) Establish standards and methods for measuring achievement. 
(2) Measure performance. 
(3) Determine whether performance standards. 
(4) Take corrective action. 

The breadth of Control 

Control can be done on the field: 

(a) Production 

(b) Marketing 

(c) Financial 

(d) Personnel 

Characteristics of Effective Control Systems 

(1) Accurate 

(2) On-time 

(3) Objectives and Comprehensive 

(4) Focused on strategic control point 

(5) Economical 

(6) Flexible

A. Definition of Marketing According WY . Stanton
Marketing is something that covers the entire system related to plan objectives and determine the price up to promote and distribute goods and services that can satisfy the needs of actual and potential buyers .
B. Definition of Marketing According to H. Nystrom
Marketing is an activity distribution of goods or services from producer to consumer hands .
C. Understanding and Marketing By Philip Duncan
Marketing is something that covers all the steps used or needed to put tangible goods into the hands of consumers .
D. Definition of Marketing According to U.S. Marketing Association / American Association merketing
Marketing is the execution of business activities are directed at the trade flow of goods and services from producer to consumer .

• Economic management

According to the American Marketing Association is Phillip Kotler " Marketing Management is the process of planning and executing the conception , pricing , promotion , and distribution of ideas , goods, and services to create exchange that satisfy individuals and organization goals " .

This definition says that marketing management is a process of planning and executing the concept , pricing , promotion and distribution of ideas , goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy an individual or organizational goals .

According to experts of other marketers , Kotler said that :

" Marketing management as the art and science of choosing the target markets and getting , keeping , and growing customers through creating , delivering , and communicating superior customer value "

This definition says that marketing management is a combination between art and science regarding the selection of the target market , acquiring , keeping and growing customers , through a process of creation , delivery , and communicate the value received by the customer .

In its efforts to achieve the objectives , companies should consider various factors , both internal factors and external factors of the company.This needs to be considered because these factors can hinder or support the efforts undertaken by the company.

source reference :

http://rangrangbuana.blogspot.com/2011/03/makalah-manajemen-perusahaan.html
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management-company.html